GDPR Compliance: Effective Data Classification Techniques

As organizations manage an exponentially increasing volume of data, data classification becomes more critical. According to a report by IDC, even in the challenging conditions of the pandemic, considering the worst case in centuries, a staggering 64.2 ZB of data was created or replicated. This growth underscores the importance of effective data management strategies that include robust classification systems.

Organizations can better tailor their security measures and governance controls by distinguishing between personal and sensitive data. This approach not only aids in compliance with laws like the GDPR but also inspires businesses about the potential of optimizing data analytics and decision-making processes. The proper categorization of data not only helps adhere to legal frameworks but also enhances security protocols that protect against unauthorized access and breaches. This blog will explore how data classification assists with GDPR compliance and much more. Let's begin.

What is Data Classification?

‍Data classification is a systematic process of organizing data based on its sensitivity and the risk it poses, making it an essential component of GDPR compliance. Personal data, such as an EU resident's home address or contact information, is categorized to ensure that it is treated with the required level of security. Similarly, more sensitive categories, termed sensitive personal data under GDPR, include details like genetic or health information, which are subject to stringent processing regulations. The primary objectives of data classification include:

1. Confidentiality - Protecting highly sensitive information such as personally identifiable information (PII), protected health information (PHI), and financial records
2. Data Integrity - Maintaining data accuracy, completeness, and reliability through stringent user permissions and access controls
3. Data Availability - Ensuring data is accessible to authorized personnel while upholding security and integrity

The process entails creating a classification schema that defines various data categories and the criteria for each, including public, internal use, restricted, and confidential. Organizations identify structured and unstructured data and allocate an appropriate classification level to each item.

‍What is GDPR Compliance?

‍GDPR compliance involves adhering to the regulations set by the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The primary goals of GDPR include:

• Empowering Data Subjects: GDPR empowers EU residents by granting them significant rights over their data, including accessing, correcting, erasing, and exporting their information.
• Increasing Transparency: Organizations must clearly disclose the types of personal data they collect, the purposes for which they use it, and secure explicit consent from individuals.
• Strengthening Data Protection: The regulation requires that organizations adopt suitable technical and organizational safeguards to protect personal data and maintain privacy.

For compliance, organizations must:

• Obtain valid consent from data subjects for data processing
• Provide data subjects the right to access, correct, delete, or download their personal data
• Appoint a data protection officer if processing large amounts of sensitive data
• Report data breaches to authorities within 72 hours
• Conduct data protection impact assessments for high-risk processing activities
• Implement appropriate security measures to protect personal data.

Non-compliance with GDPR can lead to severe penalties, including fines of up to 4% of the organization's worldwide annual revenue or €20 million, whichever is greater.Thus, GDPR compliance is essential for any organization that handles the personal data of EU citizens, regardless of where it is based.Why is Data Classification for GDPR Important? Data classification is crucial for GDPR compliance because it helps organizations identify and categorize the personal data they collect, enabling them to apply appropriate security measures and comply with specific GDPR requirements. By classifying personal data, organizations can:

1. Determine which data is subject to GDPR requirements, such as obtaining explicit consent from data subjects and notifying them in case of a breach.
2. Identify sensitive data categories such as race, ethnic origin, political opinions, biometric data, and health data that require additional protection under GDPR.
3. Understand where customer and sensitive information is stored, who has access, and how it is processed.
4. Apply appropriate safeguards and data access controls to protect sensitive information.
5. Ensure data processing practices are consistent with GDPR protection principles.
6. Conduct Data Protection Impact Assessments (DPIAs) to analyze personal data processing and mitigate risks.

Data classification is essential to a privacy program that enables organizations to manage personal data and comply with GDPR efficiently. It provides visibility into the data landscape, supports compliance efforts, and helps reduce the risks and costs associated with data breaches and misuse.

‍How Can Data Classification Help with GDPR Compliance?

‍Data classification is crucial to GDPR compliance, enabling organizations to identify, manage, and protect personal data effectively. Here's a detailed explanation of how data classification can support GDPR compliance:

‍1. Developing a Data Classification Plan

Step 1: Data Discovery and Categorization

• Identify and catalog all data assets, both structured and unstructured, across the organization.
• Categorize data based on predefined criteria such as sensitivity, criticality, and regulatory requirements.

Step 2: Data Sensitivity Assessment

• Evaluate data sensitivity, including personal data, to determine appropriate security controls and access restrictions.
• Identify data that falls under GDPR's definition of "special categories of personal data" (e.g., race, health, biometrics) that require additional protection.)

Step 3: Continuous Data Monitoring and Improvement

• Implement processes to regularly review and update the data classification scheme as data assets and regulations change.
• Monitor data usage and access to ensure ongoing compliance.

Step 4: Compliance and Risk Management

• Align the data classification scheme with GDPR requirements to ensure appropriate handling of personal data.
• Use classification metadata to support compliance activities, such as data subject access requests and breach notifications.

2. Using Data Classification to Clean Your Data

‍Identify and remove redundant, outdated, or trivial (ROT) data that is no longer needed, reducing the attack surface and storage costs. Also, ensure that personal data is only collected and retained for legitimate, specified purposes, as GDPR's data minimization principle requires.

3. Combining Data Classification with Monitoring Solutions

‍Integrate data classification with security and monitoring tools to enforce access controls, detect anomalies, and respond to potential data breaches. Plus, leverage classification metadata to generate reports and demonstrate GDPR compliance.

4. Identify and Categorize Sensitive Data

‍Accurately identify personal data, including special categories of personal data, to apply appropriate security measures and access controls. Once done, classify data based on sensitivity levels (e.g., public, internal, confidential, restricted) to prioritize protection efforts.

5. Apply Appropriate Safeguards and Controls

‍Implement access controls, encryption, and other security measures tailored to the sensitivity level of the personal data. It also ensures that only authorized personnel can access and process personal data based on the principle of least privilege.

6. Meet GDPR Requirements

‍Data classification is used to support GDPR compliance activities, such as data subject access requests, data portability, and data breach notifications. Soon after, demonstrate the organization's ability to protect personal data and comply with GDPR principles.‍

7. Improve Data Management and Governance

‍Enhance data visibility, control, and accountability through effective data classification. And facilitate data lifecycle management, including secure data retention and deletion, to comply with GDPR's storage limitation principle.

8. Enhance Compliance and Risk Management

‍It is important to leverage data classification to conduct Data Protection Impact Assessments (DPIAs) and identify and mitigate risks associated with personal data processing. So, improving the organization's overall data governance and risk management capabilities becomes a cakewalk.

What is the US Government’s Security Classification?

‍Established under Executive Order 13526 issued by former President Obama in 2009. The United States government has three primary classification levels for national security information:

1. Confidential - Information, the unauthorized disclosure of which reasonably could be expected to cause damage to national security.
2. Secret - Information, the unauthorized disclosure of which reasonably could be expected to cause serious damage to national security.
3. Top Secret - Information, the unauthorized disclosure of which reasonably could be expected to cause exceptionally grave damage to national security.
4. Optional- Information that does not require classification is considered unclassified or public data.

These classification levels indicate increasing degrees of sensitivity and restrictions on access.

• Individuals must hold an appropriate security clearance and have a "need to know" to access classified information.
• In addition, there are also special access programs and compartments that impose additional controls and restrictions.
• Notably, there are still some restrictions on the dissemination of unclassified government information, such as For Official Use Only (FOUO) markings.

Compliance Guidance for Data Classification

‍The overview of the key compliance guidance for data classification across several major frameworks is:

1. PCI DSS

The Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) requires organizations that handle credit card data to classify and protect cardholder data (CHD) and Sensitive Authentication Data (SAD).Key PCI DSS data classification requirements include:

• Identifying and documenting all locations of CHD and SAD
• Implementing access controls to limit access to only authorized personnel
• Encrypting CHD and SAD at rest and in transit
• Regularly monitoring and testing security controls for CHD and SAD
  

2. HIPAA

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) mandates that covered entities and business associates classify and safeguard protected health information (PHI).HIPAA data classification guidelines include:

• Categorizing PHI into levels of sensitivity (e.g., restricted, internal, public)
• Implementing access controls and encryption based on PHI sensitivity
• Conducting risk assessments to identify and mitigate risks to PHI's confidentiality, integrity, and availability.

3. CCPA

The California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) requires businesses to identify and protect California residents' personal information (PI).Key CCPA data classification considerations:

• Inventorying all PI collected, used, and shared
• Determining sensitivity levels of PI based on CCPA definitions
• Applying appropriate security controls to protect PI based on classification
  

4. NIST

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) provides a standard framework for federal agencies to classify information assets. The NIST data classification levels are:

• Confidential - Unauthorized disclosure could reasonably be expected to cause damage
• Secret - Unauthorized disclosure could reasonably be expected to cause serious damage
• Top Secret - Unauthorized disclosure could reasonably be expected to cause exceptionally grave damage

5. CMMC

The Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification (CMMC) is a DoD standard that requires defense contractors to classify and protect controlled unclassified information (CUI).CMMC data classification involves:

• Identifying and marking CUI data
• Implementing access controls, encryption, and other security measures for CUI
• Conducting assessments to validate the protection of CUI.

What are Some of the Best Practices for Data Classification?

‍Data classification is crucial to an effective data management and security strategy. Here are some of the best practices for implementing a robust data classification program:

1. Utilize Automated Scanning Tools

‍Adopt intelligent data classification systems that automatically scan and categorize data according to established policies. These systems utilize advanced technologies like pattern recognition, machine learning, and natural language processing for precise and consistent data classification. This automation minimizes human error and maintains accurate data labeling throughout its lifecycle.

2. Maintain a Precise Data Inventory with Documentation

‍To maintain a precise data inventory that's well documented, it is essential to:

1. Conduct extensive data discovery to identify and catalog all data assets within the organization.
2. Record details such as the data’s classification, location, ownership, and level of sensitivity.
3. Continually update the inventory as new data emerges or changes occur to existing data.

3. Develop a Security Program Based on NIST Standards

‍Structure your data classification strategy to align with NIST standards, including:

• NIST SP 800-53: Security and Privacy Controls for Federal Information Systems and Organizations
• NIST SP 800-66: An Introductory Resource Guide for Implementing the HIPAA Security Rule
• NIST SP 800-171: Protecting Controlled Unclassified Information in Nonfederal Systems and Organizations
• NIST SP 800-172: Enhanced Security Requirements for Protecting Controlled Unclassified Information Apply suitable security measures, restrictions, and procedures for each data classification level.

4. Establish a Data Classification Policy

‍Formulate a comprehensive data classification policy that defines the goals, procedures, roles, responsibilities, and compliance mandates. Ensure the policy is thoroughly documented, effectively communicated and uniformly enforced across the organization.

5. Provide Continual Training and Awareness

‍Educate staff about the significance of data classification and their specific roles within the process. Regularly conduct training to keep everyone informed about classification policy and practice updates. Promote a culture of data stewardship and security awareness throughout the organization.

6. Monitor and Continuously Improve

‍Frequently reassess and update the data classification scheme to reflect changes in data, regulations, and business needs. Then, regular audits will be performed to verify the accuracy and efficacy of the classification system. Continuously enhance the classification processes and controls based on feedback and observed outcomes.Data classification is a crucial component for achieving GDPR compliance. In regard to this, Strac's leading DLP and classification solutions can help organizations identify, categorize, and protect personal data to meet GDPR requirements and mitigate non-compliance risks.

How Can Strac Help You Meet GDPR Compliance?

‍Strac's data classification and protection solutions significantly enhance an organization's ability to comply with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Here's how:

1. Built-In & Custom Detectors

‍Strac includes pre-built detectors for common data types such as PII, PHI, PCI, and GDPR-specific categories, enabling organizations to align with GDPR standards quickly. Additionally, custom detectors can be created to meet specific organizational needs and GDPR requirements, ensuring tailored data handling and classification.

‍2. Compliance Support

‍It directly aids compliance with 12 key GDPR articles, helping organizations meet legal obligations and business objectives. This tool supports identifying, categorizing, and protecting personal data, which is crucial for GDPR compliance and reducing non-compliance risks.

3. Ease of Integration

‍Strac's data classification solutions are designed for ease of use and minimal disruption, allowing seamless integration with existing data security frameworks. This integration enhances overall data protection without impeding daily operations, making it a convenient addition to any security system.

4. Accurate Detection and Redaction

‍Utilizing advanced machine learning and natural language processing, Strac accurately classifies data and enforces security measures such as redacting or masking sensitive information. This prevents unauthorized access and ensures data privacy.

5. Rich and Extensive SaaS Integrations

‍The platform extends its capabilities across various SaaS platforms, allowing organizations to maintain consistent data protection and compliance throughout their digital environments. This comprehensive integration ensures that data is protected regardless of its location or method of access.

6. AI Integration for Enhanced Security

‍By incorporating AI and machine learning, Strac continuously monitors user behavior and detects anomalies that could signal potential breaches. This proactive approach helps organizations swiftly address security incidents, aligning with GDPR's 72-hour breach notification requirement.

7. Endpoint DLP Capabilities

‍Strac's endpoint DLP features enable organizations to monitor and regulate how data is handled on employee devices, ensuring that data access and processing are restricted to authorized personnel only. This aligns with GDPR's principles of access control and data minimization.By leveraging Strac's advanced detection technologies and comprehensive SaaS integrations, organizations can ensure that their data management practices are compliant and conducive to their broader business objectives.

Thus, adopt Strac's solutions today and schedule a demo without further ado. Pave the way to success via best-in-class security that is unbreachable and irreplaceable.